• Metal detecting holidays in England with the World's most successful metal detecting club.

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    Cleaning finds

    Added Ancient silver coin cleaning tips + the kit used

    Free Roman cleaning book download

     

     

    Evenings while the hunts are on are generally spent cleaning up finds and I have learnt a lot of different cleaning methods, some good, some not so good from the guys that have hunted here, some I now employ now all the time. Especially good is being able to clean the large numbers of grotty coppers we all find so that we can date a new field being hunted. Below is a typical set of coppers in grotty condition. Guys find an average of 50 + a week each.

    Some of the methods of cleaning the finds as described here will be frowned upon as ruining the patina and value of objects. As the value of the find is pretty unimportant to most of us but it's enjoyment and presentation is paramount then it is up to the individual to decide how best he wishes his finds to look. Obviously with important or rarer finds they are left for the museum to see before any cleaning is done.

    If we find a rare copper in good condition and a good patina then it is just dry brushed

    1797 George III cartwheel penny - cleaned using the 'Loc Plus' polishing method

     

    I have added the 'must have' kit we use below. I am currently using the professional dremel set which appears to be unavailable now, it has infinite adjustable speeds. I noticed that there is a really nice cordless unit available out so I have ordered up one of those. I have been using a standard metal vice and putting cardboard on the jaws to prevent scratching the coins to but it appears Dremel have brought out a really neat plastic vice. I have ordered one of those to try out and and a 2nd bench hands free magnifier as my current one the springs are getting stretched badly. I have gone for the Draper 22W Fluorescent Magnifying Lamp, it is more expensive but appears to be better made. I will let you know how they check out. You can never have too much kit LOL. I also added the new camera I bought that is taking amazing shots of finds. It has every setting adjustable with 12 Mega pixels quality. It main bonus is the tiny macro length for close ups.


     

    Equipment I use on the finds for cleaning and photographing

     

    One of the guys on the UCR forum has written a fantastic book on how to clean grotty Roman coins and he has made it a free download. It is a 'must have' publication with huge detail of the equipment to use and methods employed in with step by step full coloured pictures

    Download it here http://foundintheground.com/files/

     

     

    General cleaning - just water and a soft toothbrush. With Roman coins just use a dry brush or look at the free download book for cleaning tips. I will be learning to use some of those methods in the book from next season.

     

    Hammered silver - NJ Ed showed me a great method for cleaning silver especially when it comes out of the ground either black or brown. Silver kitchen foil paper and water. This method highlights all the detail and leaves the background dark. Also works really well on black tarnished milled silver. All silver on the site is cleaned using this method now as it does not hurt the coins in any way. The Elizabeth coin found by Boston Bud was completely black when found and the foil and water has highlighted the raised areas and left the black behind. As you can see the coin below it is a beautiful example of an Elizabeth 1st 1567 sixpence. You want to be slow and frugal with the mount of 'foiling' you do as the ideal condition is to leave the silver coin highlighted and the black behind.

    Wet the coin and make a U shaped piece of foil, rub the coin between the two faces of the foil. Wipe the coin with a piece of kitchen towel and repeat method to the coin is in the condition you want.

    As dug hammered silver - cleaned using foil paper method

     

    Stunning 1422 -27 Henry VI hammered silver groat (4 pence) Initial cross 2

    obv HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC DNS HYB

    rev outer legend - POSVI DEVM ADIVTORE MEVM

    inner legend VILLA CASLISIE - Calais Mint

    Initial mark incurved pierced cross

    Annulet issue - annulets by neck and between two sets of opposing pellets

    Grotty coppers and tokens - Normally discarded as too rough to ID. Arkansas Gary brings me a polish called Loc PLUS. It is made in the USA ( not available over here) and comes in a big tube, it works like magic on cruddy green coppers and tokens as it is like a fine white grinding paste to highlight the detail. It is not available in some states as guys have had real difficulty finding it. There are other metal polishes available in the UK that will do a similar job. Use this polish with the soft pad on a Dremel to highlight the detail on the coin.

    Texas John has sent me more information on the elusive Arkansas Gary's metal polish for copper coins. I have shown a before and after photo of how this can be really useful for cleaning usually discarded copper grots.

    I found a web site for the metal cleaner Loc PLUS . The reason people can't find it in the stores is because it is not sold in stores. It is an Amway product and is sold by persons with an Amway dealership, kind of
    like Avon and other types of home businesses.

    John

    Both these grots were cleaned with the paste and can now be ID'd, the one on the left is looks like a German jetton Han Krauwinckle 1580 - 1610 and the one on the right a 1790's Dutch low countries coin
    Cleaned grots

    Bronze objects and Jettons - One guy uses an electric toothbrush and black boot polish on bronze, small 17thC tokens and Jettons. I must admit I am not a great lover of this method but it certainly enhances the look of the object like hard to read Jettons. Boston Beau uses clear wax or Vaseline to bring out the hard to read detail.

    Gilded buttons - Canadian Rod showed me a method to improve gilded button finds by cleaning them with lemon juice - works great. Put the button in a cup with the juice and check it every 3 or 4 minutes. It also works well at taking off baked on crud on nom gilded buttons as well.

    Make sure you keep an eye on the button as this method works really fast and if left will turn the button back to brass !!

     

    Cleaning early Roman, Celtic or Saxon silver that has a thick hard crust 'horn' silver on it. I use a mix 2 parts olive oil and one part lemon juice to 'cook' the coins.

    Put the Roman silver coin in a cup with the 'mix' and then onto the hotplate of a coffee maker. Watch the brown crud float away from the coin. Check it every hour and after the 'mix' is clogged with crud replace with a fresh mix. This process can take several days but eventually the coin will become totally clean of the crust. Use a wooden tooth pick to pick any loose crud from the coin in between changes of the mix. Below are the before and after shots of some recent ones I 'cooked'

    As dug with 'horn silver' crust
    Olive oil and lemon juiced 'cooked'

     

    (a) Silver Roman denarius of Hadrian 125-128 A.D - 2.88g, 17.65
    Silver Roman Trajan (98-117 A.D.) 3.04g,18.24
     

    Here is info from LLuis a Spanish Chemist and other tips sent to Mark lehman our Roman expert.

     

    Here (below) are a couple of recipes from a friend of mine who's really quite the competent, multi-platform, technological wizard.
    I'd add that I doubt that what you're looking at is really "horn silver" - silver chloride - but is more likely a somewhat less reactive (and therefore, less damaging) form of encrustation. Actually, I'm surprised I didn't think to tell you about the aluminum foil & lemon-juice thing - but it's just as well I didn't, Bruce has added a tweak - using olive oil as a surfactant.
    If that doesn't provide the desired results, try the sodium thiosulphate.
    And if THAT doesn't work, you might try actual, electricity-assisted electrolysis. It will kill any natural toning or patina - but I think with this coin, that's probably rather far down your list of priorities.

    Using a 9v radio battery - the square ones with the snap-terminals - and a non-reactive electrolyte solution made with sodium bicarbonate (baking soda, we call it here stateside - Don't use salt!) - it's easy to whip up a little, disposable electrolysis unit with an iron or steel nut for the anode and perhaps a deli-tub (not sure if you have these, or if so, what you call them - any disposable plastic vessel of at least 500ml will do fine - glass is OK, too, but there's no danger of smashing plastic tubs to splinters if you're as clumsy as I am)

    Mark

    If it is 'Horn Silver' it can be removed. "Horn Silver" is a common name for Silver chloride, the silver counterpart to Bronze disease. It is a function of chlorides in the environment attacking the silver, it doe not need another coin. Your friend can remove it with sodium thiosulfate, that is common photographic fixer, and it should be available at any place that carries darkroom chemicals. I would mix it to the strength recommended for film. Place the coin in the solution, but watch it, and scrub about every 15 to 30 minutes. I have no idea how fast it will work.

    Since this is an old, real silver coin, he could try 1 teaspoon of lemon juice in 4 ounces of olive oil, mix them well, add the coin, and place on a hot plate [I use the carafe-warmer from an old coffee maker] it takes about 30 minutes and most of the time a single treatment will remove the crust from a silver coin. The oil floats the crud away as the lemon acid breaks it down. I have used this method, it works fine on silver, but as you know, acids and bronze don't play nice!

    Jerry had things backwards and turned inside out. If you have two different metals and an electrolyte, either acid or base, you will get a galvanic reaction [ a battery], and one coin will be eaten. which way the reaction goes depends on the electrolyte and the metals involved. If you really want to know, I can look it up for you.

    If it is Horn Silver, it is like BD and is progressive and not reversible, but it can be stopped.

    Silver Nitrate is used to test for Chlorides, the
    AgCL formed is what precipitates out of solution, not Ag by itself: NaCl + in H2O + AgNO3 = AgCl + Na + NO3. AgCl is dissolved, that is one of the basic reactions for processing photographic materials. The problem mentioned with silver next to a bronze coin is electrolysis not bronze disease and is totally different.

    Bruce


    'That said, I do not think that the crust is horn silver, but seems to me more lime (calcium carbonate)...
    Anyway, both cases are easy to clean.

    -I would suggest that finder touch the crust with vinegar. If he sees some bubbles, then it is calcium carbonate, and soaking with vinegar (having always an eye on the coin!) will clean the crust.
    Perhaps some traces of silicate, that could be easily cleaned away with the trick of the pencil that Jerry explained to us (of course, could be erased also with the glass fibre pens from Commonbronze, but a pencil is easier to find....)

    [Mark's note: this is a technique brought up on-list a while back - gently rubbing a #2 or softer pencil-point over roughnesses on coins to clean them - the graphite is softer than the coin metals so it's generally safe]

    -If the crust does not bubble when touched with vinegar, then it could be horn silver.
    I would suggest that finder tries hardness with a point...Horn silver is soft and do not resist a blade of a knife...
    Horn silver is soluble in household aqueous ammonia (could be bought in a supermarket, or in a drugtsore). It smells very bad. Should wear glasses and gloves and better work outside..
    Let the coin inside the ammonia, tel quel, and see if there any evolution: should see flowing lines as if sugar is dissolving in water, indication that horn silver is dissolving in the ammonia.
    I could suggest to cover with butter the clean parts, to avoid attack by the ammonia.

    Avoid also light as much as you can (only to see progress).

    If a part is cleaned, then cover the cleaned part, and proceed till the whole is cleaned.

    -Then could be that it is calcium silicate. If so, finder should clean it mechanically (the glass fibre pen works very well). The reagents to clean a silicate are too dangerous to be used if you have not a labo....

    May you be so kind to tell me the progress on cleaning this coin?'

    With best wishes

    LLuís

     

    Roman silver coin Before and after pictures - still 'cooking' it

    32 BC Mark Antony, Legionary silver Denarius. ANT.AVG.III.VIR.R.P.C Galley, Legionary Eagle between two standards

    As dug to cooked'

    It's clear enough now for a positive ID - it is definitely a Roman Republican Denarius - moneyer: M Aburius M.f. Geminus, 132 B.C. 
    RSC-Bab Aburia 6, SR 127, Syd-CRR 487. 
    You should, eventually, find the letters: "GEM",  behind Roma's helmeted head on the obverse, and there should be an asterisk-looking mark under her chin which is actually a monogram of XVI - ie: 16 Asses to the denarius.  On the reverse, you have radiate Sol driving a fast quadriga right and brandishing a whip, below the horses, you have M ABVRI with the AB and VR in ligate form, ROMA in the exergue.
     
    Very interesting, as this piece dates to a century and three-quarters before Claudius' conquest of Britian.  I'm going to guess that it originally came to the island in trade for tin, or was carried as a good-luck piece by a superstitious soldier all those years later.  These certainly weren't normal, circulating pieces anywhere else in the Empire in the late 1st through early 3nd century era we associate with a significant Roman presence in Britain and circulating silver.  These were "overweight" by the standards of the denarii at that time and after Nero's debasement, the silver was too pure also - these would have been pulled out of circulation wherever anyone knew that their silver value was well above their nominal denomination - the sort of information that any savvy merchant would have been aware of.
     
    Mark

     

    This early Roman silver is proving to be fascinating as it 'cooks'. It is badly debased silver and laminating badly, almost like different layers of silver hammered together. I have sent it off to our Roman expert and here is his views.

    'From the shape of the head (only, as that's all there is to go on at this point) this appears to be a denarius of Antoninus Pius - 138-161 A.D.

    I can't tell you why it's laminating so badly - some coins do and some don't - it doesn't have the look of a contemporary copy or forgery at any rate, so far as can be ascertained in its encrusted state.'

    Slowly revealing the detail

     

    Yes, you are becoming quite expert in getting encrusted early silver looking presentable again. This is Tiberius and the coin is the so-called "tribute penny" denarius which is often associated with the passage in Matthew about "rendering unto Caesar.." etc.  This has been a very successful marketing ploy and results in this type generally bringing a price far above what it should, based on its scarcity (or lack thereof).
     
    Tiberius was a rather reluctant "heir" to the Principiate to begin with and made a distant and barely-concerned emperor.  After his first few years in office, he retired to his huge villa on the Island of Caprae and never set foot in Rome again.  He cared so little that he never bothered to change the types of the coins to take advantage of their great propaganda value in a time and place in which they were nearly the sole mass media. So, from 14-37 AD - a rather long rule - he continued to produce the same few types - and only this one type of denarius. 
     
    Mark

     

     

    It anyone has any other really good cleaning tips please send them too me and I will try them out and if successful will add them to this list.